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{{ :cookbooks:4.3.x:transformations.png?200|Transformations}}
====== Kamailio SIP Server v4.3.x (stable): Transformations ======

<code>
Main author:
   Daniel-Constantin Mierla <miconda (at) gmail.com>
</code>

**Transformation** is basically a function that is applied to a pseudo-variable (PV) to get a special value from it. The value of PV is not affected at all.

Transformations are implemented by various modules, most of them being in **pv** module.

The transformations are intended to facilitate access to different attributes of PV (like strlen of value, parts of value, substrings) or complete different value of PV (encoded in hexa, md5 value, escape/unescape PV value for DB operations...).

A transformation is represented in between **'{'** and **'}'** and follows the name of a PV. When using transformations, the PV name and transformations **must** be enclosed in between **'('** and **')'**, following the **$** sign.

<code>
# the length of From URI ($fu is PV for From URI)

$(fu{s.len})
</code>

Many transformations can be applied in the same time to a PV.

<code>
# the length of escaped 'Test' header body

$(hdr(Test){s.escape.common}{s.len})
</code>

The transformations can be used anywhere, being considered parts of PV -- in xlog, avpops or other modules' functions and parameters, in right side assignment expressions or in comparisons.

===== String Transformations =====

The name of these transformation starts with 's.'. They are intended to apply string operations to PV.

Available transformations in this class:


==== {s.len} ====

Return strlen of PV value

<code>
$var(x) = "abc";
if($(var(x){s.len}) == 3)
{
   ...
}
</code>

==== {s.int} ====

Return integer value of a string-represented number

<code>
$var(x) = "1234";
if($(var(x){s.int})==1234) {
  ...
}
</code>

==== {s.md5} ====

Return md5 over PV value

<code>
xlog("md5 over From username: $(fU{s.md5})");
</code>

==== {s.sha256} ====

Return sha 256 over PV value

<code>
xlog("sha 256 over From username: $(fU{s.sha256})");
</code>

==== {s.sha384} ====

Return sha 384 over PV value

<code>
xlog("sha 384 over From username: $(fU{s.sha384})");
</code>

==== {s.sha512} ====

Return sha 512 over PV value

<code>
xlog("sha 512 over From username: $(fU{s.sha512})");
</code>

==== {s.substr,offset,length} ====

Return substring starting at offset having size of 'length'. If offset is negative, then it is counted from the end of PV value, -1 being the last char. In case of positive value, 0 is first char. Length must be positive, in case of 0, substring to the end of PV value is returned. offset and length can be PV as well.

Example:
<code>
$var(x) = "abcd";
$(var(x){s.substr,1,0}); => "bcd"
</code>

==== {s.select,index,separator} ====

Return a field from PV value. The field is selected based on separator and index. The separator must be a character used to identify the fields. Index must be a integer value or a PV. If index is negative, the count of fields starts from end of PV value, -1 being last field. If index is positive, 0 is the first field.

Example:
<code>
$var(x) = "12,34,56";
$(var(x){s.select,1,,}) => "34" ;

$var(x) = "12,34,56";
$(var(x){s.select,-2,,}) => "34"
</code>

==== {s.encode.7bit} ====

Return encoding in 7Bit of PV value

==== {s.decode.7bit} ====

Return decoding of PV value in 7Bit

==== {s.encode.hexa} ====

Return encoding in hexa of PV value

==== {s.decode.hexa} ====

Return decoding from hexa of PV value

==== {s.encode.base64} ====

Return base64 encoding of PV value

==== {s.decode.base64} ====

Decode base64 encoded PV and return value



==== {s.escape.common} ====

Return escaped string of PV value. Characters escaped are ', ", \ and 0. Useful when doing DB queries (care should be taken for non Latin character set).



==== {s.unescape.common} ====

Return unescaped string of PV value. Reverse of above transformation.


==== {s.escape.user} ====

Return escaped string of PV value, changing to '%hexa' the characters that are not allowed in user part of SIP URI following RFC requirements.

==== {s.unescape.user} ====

Return unescaped string of PV value, changing '%hexa' to character code. Reverse of above transformation.


==== {s.escape.param} ====

Return escaped string of PV value, changing to '%hexa' the characters that are not allowed in the param part of SIP URI following RFC requirements.


==== {s.unescape.param} ====

Return unescaped string of PV value, changing '%hexa' to character code. Reverse of above transformation.

==== {s.tolower} ====

Return string with lower case ASCII letters.


==== {s.toupper} ====

Return string with upper case ASCII letters.

==== {s.strip,len} ====

Return string after removing starting 'len' characters. Parameter 'len' can be positive integer or pseudo-variable holding a positive integer.

Example:

<code c>
$var(x) = "1234";
$var(y) = $(var(x){s.strip,2}); # resulted value is "34"
</code>

==== {s.striptail,len} ====

Return string after removing ending 'len' characters. Parameter 'len' can be positive integer or pseudo-variable holding a positive integer.

==== {s.prefixes[,len]} ====

Return series of comma separated prefixes of the pv. Parameter 'len' is optional and will limit the maximum prefix length.

Example:
<code c>
$var(x) = "123456";
$(var(x){s.prefixes}) => 1,12,123,1234,12345,123456
$(var(x){s.prefixes,4} => 1,12,123,1234
</code>


==== {s.prefixes.quoted[,len]} ====

Return series of comma separated quoted prefixes of the pv. Parameter 'len' is optional and will limit the maximum prefix length.

Example: 
<code c>
$var(x) = "123456";
$(var(x){s.prefixes.quoted} => '1','12','123','1234','12345','123456'
$(var(x){s.prefixes.quoted,4} => '1','12','123','1234'
</code>

==== {s.replace,match,repl} ====

Replace all occurrences of **match** with **repl**. The parameters can be pseudo-variables.

Example: 
<code c>
$var(x) = "abababa";
$(var(x){s.replace,a,c} => "cbcbcbc"
</code>

==== {s.ftime,format} ====


Format the epoch in the pv according to the parameter. The parameter has to be strftime formatting string.
    
<code c>
$(TS{s.ftime,%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S})
</code>

==== {s.trim} ====


Remove left and right whitespaces (' ', '\t', '\r', '\n') around PV value.
    
<code c>
$(var(x){s.trim})
</code>

==== {s.rtrim} ====


Remove right whitespaces (' ', '\t', '\r', '\n') around PV value.
    
<code c>
$(var(x){s.rtrim})
</code>

==== {s.ltrim} ====


Remove left whitespaces (' ', '\t', '\r', '\n') around PV value.
    
<code c>
$(var(x){s.ltrim})
</code>

==== {s.rm,match} ====

Remove occurrences of 'match' from PV. 'match' can be static string or variable.

<code c>
$(var(x){s.rm,test})
</code>
===== URI Transformations =====

The name of transformation starts with 'uri.'. The PV value is considered to be a SIP URI. This transformation returns parts of SIP URI (see struct sip_uri). If that part is missing, the returned value is an empty string.

Available transformations in this class:

==== {uri.user} ====

Return the user part

==== {uri.host} ====

(same as **{uri.domain}**)

Return the domain part

==== {uri.passwd} ====

Return the password

==== {uri.port} ====

Return the port

==== {uri.params} ====

Return the URI parameters in a string

==== {uri.param,name} ====

Return the value of parameter with name 'name'

==== {uri.headers} ====

Return URI headers

==== {uri.transport} ====

Return the value of transport parameter

==== {uri.ttl} ====

Return the value of ttl parameter

==== {uri.uparam} ====

Return the value of user parameter

==== {uri.maddr} ====

Return the value of maddr parameter

==== {uri.method} ====

Return the value of method parameter

==== {uri.lr} ====

Return the value of lr parameter

==== {uri.r2} ====

Return the value of r2 parameter

===== Parameters List Transformations =====

The name of the transformation starts with 'param.'. The PV value is considered to be a string like name1=value1;name2=value2;...". The transformations returns the value for a specific parameter, or the name of a parameter at a specific index.

Available transformations in this class:


==== {param.value,name[, delimiter]} ====

Return the value of parameter 'name'

Example:
<code>
"a=1;b=2;c=3"{param.value,c} = "3"
</code>

'name' can be a pseudo-variable

'delimiter' allows you to specify a single character to use as the parameter delimiter. For example, when parsing HTTP URL query strings use '&'.

==== {param.valueat,index[, delimiter]} ====

Return the value of parameter at position give by 'index' (0-based index)

Example:
<code>
"a=1;b=2;c=3"{param.valueat,1} = "2"
</code>

'index' can be a pseudo-variable

'delimiter' allows you to specify a single character to use as the parameter delimiter. For example, when parsing HTTP URL query strings use '&'.

==== {param.name,index[, delimiter]} ====

Return the name of parameter at position 'index'.

Example:
<code>
"a=1;b=2;c=3"{param.name,1} = "b"
</code>

'delimiter' allows you to specify a single character to use as the parameter delimiter. For example, when parsing HTTP URL query strings use '&'.

==== {param.count[, delimiter]} ====

Return the number of parameters in the list.

Example:
<code>
"a=1;b=2;c=3"{param.count} = 3
</code>

'delimiter' allows you to specify a single character to use as the parameter delimiter. For example, when parsing HTTP URL query strings use '&'.

===== Name-address Transformations =====

The name of the transformation starts with 'nameaddr.'. The PV value is considered to be a string like '[display_name] uri'. The transformations returns the value for a specific field.

Available transformations in this class:


==== {nameaddr.name} ====

Return the value of display name

Example:
<code>
'"test" <sip:test@kamailio.net>' {nameaddr.name} = "test"
</code>


==== {nameaddr.uri} ====

Return the value of URI

Example:
<code>
'"test" <sip:test@kamailio.net>' {nameaddr.uri} = sip:test@kamailio.net
</code>


==== {nameaddr.len} ====

Return the length of the entire name-addr part from the value.

===== To-Body Transformations =====

<fc #0000ff>This transformation class is exported by **pv** module.</fc>

Access parts of a ToBody-like structure.

==== {tobody.uri} ====

* return URI from To body

==== {tobody.display} ====

* return Display name from To body

==== {tobody.tag} ====

* return Tag parameter from To body

==== {tobody.user} ====

* return URI User from To body

==== {tobody.host} ====

* return URI Host from To body

==== {tobody.params} ====

* return parameters part from To body

===== Line Transformations =====

Line-based operations on text values.

==== {line.count} ====

Return the number of lines.

Example:

<code c>
$(var(x){line.count})
</code>

==== {line.at,pos} ====

Return the line at position 'pos'. The index start from 0. Negative position can be used to count from last line (which is -1).

Example:

<code c>
$(var(x){line.at,2})
</code>

==== {line.sw,match} ====

Return the line starting with **match**.

Example:

<code c>
$(var(x){line.sw,mytext})
</code>

===== MSRP Transformations =====

<fc #0000ff>This transformation class is exported by **msrp** module.</fc>

==== {msrpuri.user} ====

User part of a MSRP URI.

==== {msrpuri.host} ====

Host part of a MSRP URI.

==== {msrpuri.port} ====

Port part of a MSRP URI.

==== {msrpuri.session} ====

Session ID part of a MSRP URI.

==== {msrpuri.proto} ====

Transport layer part of a MSRP URI.

==== {msrpuri.params} ====

Parameters part of a MSRP URI.

==== {msrpuri.userinfo} ====

User-Info part of a MSRP URI. This is the same as user part, when there are no user parameters or password fields. Otherwise, it include the whole part after scheme and before '@' in front of host.

===== Regular Expression Transformations =====

<fc #0000ff>This transformation class is exported by **textops** module.</fc>

==== {re.subst,expression} ====

Perform POSIX regex substitutions on string value pseudo-variables.

<code c>
# Assign Request-URI user to PV
$var(user) = $(ru{re.subst,/^sip:(.*)@(.*)/\1/});
</code>

<code c>
# Assign Request-URI user to PV, where every 'A' has been replaced by 'a'
$var(user) = $(rU{re.subst,/A/a/g});
</code>

The prototype is:

<code c>
{re.subst,/match_expression/replacement_expression/flags}
</code>

  * match_expression - Posix regular expression
  * replacement_expression - substitution expression with back references to matched tokes: \1, \2, ..., \9
  * flags:
    * i - match ignore case
    * s - match within multi-lines strings
    * g - replace all matches

===== SQL Transformations =====

<fc #0000ff>The transformations in this class are exported by the **sqlops** module.</fc>

==== {sql.val} ====

This transformation outputs valid SQL values for various PV values:
  * <null> values are output as NULL
  * integers are output as integers
  * everything else is output as quoted and escaped string
    
<code c>
    $var(null) = $null;
    $avp(null) = $null;
    $avp(str) = "String with \ illegal \\characters";
    $avp(nr) = 12345;
    $avp(strnr) = "12345";
    
    xlog("$$rm = $rm = $(rm{s.sql})");
    xlog("$$var(null) = $var(null) = $(var(null){s.sql})");
    xlog("$$avp(null) = $avp(null) = $(avp(null){s.sql})");
    xlog("$$avp(str) = $avp(str) = $(avp(str){s.sql})");
    xlog("$$avp(nr) = $avp(nr) = $(avp(nr){s.sql})");
    xlog("$$avp(strnr) = $avp(strnr) = $(avp(strnr){s.sql})");

  Output:
    $rm = ACK = 'ACK'
    $var(null) = 0 = 0
    $avp(null) = <null> = NULL
    $avp(str) = String with \ illegal \characters = 'String with \\ illegal \\characters'
    $avp(nr) = 12345 = 12345
    $avp(strnr) = 12345 = '12345'
</code>

==== {sql.val.int} ====

Like sql.val, but output number 0 for null values.

==== {sql.val.str} ====

Like sql.val, but output string '' for null values.

===== Examples =====

Within a PV, many transformation can be applied, being executed from left to right.

* The length of the value of parameter at postion 1 (remember 0 is first position, 1 is second position)

<code>
$var(x) = "a=1;b=22;c=333";
$(var(x){param.value,$(var(x){param.name,1})}{s.len}) = 2
</code>

* Test if whether is un-registration or not

<code>
if(is_method("REGISTER") && is_present_hf("Expires") && $(hdr(Expires){s.int})==0)
    xlog("This is an un-registration\n");
</code>

===== HTTP URL Transformations =====

<fc #0000ff>This transformation class is exported by **xhttp** module.</fc>

==== {url.path} ====

Path part of an HTTP URL.

For example,
<code>
# When the first line of HTTP request is
# "GET /path/to/file/?this=is&the=querystring"

$(hu{url.path}) => "/path/to/file/"
</code>

==== {url.querystring} ====

Query string part of an HTTP URL.
For example,

<code>
# When the first line of HTTP request is
# "GET /path/to/file/?this=is&the=querystring"

$(hu{url.querystring}) => "this=is&the=querystring"
</code>